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Manama Location of Manama in Bahrain. Coordinates:: Country Government • Governor Hisham Bin Abdulrahman Bin Mohammed Al Khalifa Area • 27 km 2 (10 sq mi) Population • Estimate (2010) 157,474 • Density 5,200/km 2 (13,000/sq mi) • (2015) 411,000 • (2010) 329,510 GMT+3 Website Manama (: المنامة‎ Al Manāma IPA: ) is the capital and largest city of, with an approximate population of 157,000 people. Long an important trading center in the, Manama is home to a very diverse population. After periods of and control and invasions from the ruling dynasties of and, Bahrain established itself as an during the 19th century period of British hegemony. Although the current twin cities of Manama and appear to have been founded simultaneously in the 1800s, Muharraq took prominence due to its defensive location and was thus the capital of Bahrain until 1921. Manama became the mercantile capital, and was the gateway to the main. In the 20th century, Bahrain's oil wealth helped spur fast growth and in the 1990s a concerted effort led to expansion in other industries and helped transform Manama into an important financial hub in the Middle East.

BAHRAIN DRIVING SCHOOL.

Manama was designated as the for the year 2012 by the. ' The capital of. Is a town well populated whose environs are fertile and produce corn and dates in abundance. ' — The commercial network of Dilmun lasted for almost 2,000 years, after which the took control of the island in 700 BC for more than a century.

This was followed by and rule, which later gave way to Greek influence during the time of. In the first century AD, the Roman writer wrote of, the Hellenic name of Bahrain in the, and its and fields.

The island came under the control of the and empires respectively, by which time started to spread in Bahrain. By 410-420 AD, a Nestorian and was established in, on the neighbouring island of. Following the conversion of Bahrain to in 628 AD, work on one of the earliest mosques in the region, the, began as early as the seventh century AD. During this time, Bahrain was engaged in long distance marine trading, evident from the discovery of dating between 600-1200 AD, in Manama.

In 1330, under the, the island became a tributary of the. Henry Winkler Author more. The town of Manama was mentioned by name for the first time in a manuscript dating to 1345 AD. Bahrain, particularly Manama and the nearby settlement of, became a centre of scholarship and training for the, it would remain so for centuries.

The ulema would help fund expeditions and finance production in the rural areas surrounding the city. In 1521, Bahrain fell to the expanding in the Persian Gulf, having already defeated Hormuz. The Portuguese consolidated their hold on the island by constructing the, on the outskirts of Manama. After numerous revolts and an expanding in Persia, the Portuguese were expelled from Bahrain and the Safavids took control in 1602. Early modern history [ ] The Safavids, sidelining Manama, designated the nearby town of as the provincial capital. The town was also the seat of the Persian governor and the of the islands. The position of Shaikh al-Islam lied under jurisdiction of the central Safavid government and as such, candidates were carefully vetted by the courts.

During the Safavid era, the islands continued to be a centre for scholarship, producing clerics for use in mainland Persia. Additionally, the rich agricultural northern region of Bahrain continued to flourish due to an abundance of farms and orchards.

The Portuguese traveler commented on the extensive cultivation of crops like and. The opening of Persian markets to Bahraini exports, especially, boosted the islands' export economy. The yearly income of exported Bahraini pearls was 600,000, collected by around 2,000 pearling. Another factor that contributed to Bahrain's agricultural wealth was the migration of cultivators from -occupied and, fearing religious persecution, in 1537. Some time after 1736, constructed a fort on the southern outskirts of Manama (likely the Diwan Fort). Persian control over the Persian Gulf waned during the later half of the 18th century. At this time, Bahrain archipelago was a dependency of the emirate of, itself a part of.

In 1783, the tribal confederation Bahrain and expelled the resident governor. As a result, the family became the rulers of the country, and all political relations with and / were terminated.

(later called Ahmed al-Fateh, lit. 'Ahmed the conqueror') become the dynasty's first. Political instability in the 19th century had disastrous effects on Manama's economy; Invasions by the in 1800 and by the in 1810–11, in addition to a civil war in 1842 between Bahrain's co-rulers saw the town being a major battleground. The instability paralysed commercial trade in Manama; the town's port was closed, most merchants fled abroad to and the Persian coast until hostilities ceased.

The English scholar, on a visit to Manama in 1862, described the town as having a few ruined stone buildings, with a landscape dominated with the huts of poor fishermen and pearl-divers. The British political agency, circa 1900. The of the 19th century resulted in British consolidation of trade routes, particularly those close to the. In response to piracy in the Persian Gulf region, the British deployed warships and forced much of the Persian Gulf States at the time (including Bahrain) to sign the, which prohibited piracy and slavery. In 1861, the was signed between Britain and Bahrain, which placed the British in charge of defending Bahrain in exchange for British control over Bahraini foreign affairs. With the ascension of as the Hakim of Bahrain in 1869, Manama became the centre of British activity in the Persian Gulf, though its interests were initially strictly commercial.

Trading recovered fully by 1873 and the country's earnings from pearl exports increased by sevenfold between 1873 and 1900. Representing the British were native agents, usually from minorities such as or who regularly reported back to British India and the in.

The position of native agent was later replaced by a British political agent, following the construction of the British political residency (locally referred to in: بيت الدولة‎) in 1900, which further solidified Britain's position in Manama. Manama harbour, circa 1870. Modern history [ ] Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the used Manama as a military base of operations during the. Prompted by the presence of oil in the region, the British political agency in concluded an oil agreement with the Hakim to prohibit the exploration and exploitation of oil for a five-year period.

In 1919, Bahrain was officially integrated into the as an overseas imperial territory following the Bahrain decree, issued in 1913. The decree gave the resident political agent greater powers and placed Bahrain under the and therefore under the governance of the British Raj. The British pressured a series of administrative reforms in Bahrain during the 1920s (a move met with opposition from tribal leaders), during which the aging Hakim was forced to abdicate in favour of his reform-minded son.

A was established in Manama in 1919, the was reorganised in 1923 and placed under the supervision of an English businessman, the pearling industry was later reformed in 1924. Earnings from the customs office would be kept in the newly created. Were established for the first time in 1923, followed by the establishment of the Department of Land Registration in 1924., from the, was appointed in 1926 by the British to carry on further reforms and manage administration as a financial advisor to the King. He later organised the State Police and was in charge of the Finance and Land departments of the government.

The newly formed Manama municipality (left) and the reorganised customs office of Manama (right). In 1927, the country's pearling economy collapsed due to the introduction of Japanese cultured pearls in the world market. It is estimated that between 1929 and 1931, pearling entrepreneurs lost more than two-thirds of their income. Further aggravated by the, many leading Bahraini businessmen, shopkeepers and pearl-divers fell into debt. With the in 1932 and the subsequent production of oil exports in 1934, the country gained a greater significance in geopolitics. The security of oil supplies in the Middle East was a priority of the British, especially in the run-up to the Second World War.

The discovery of oil led to a gradual employment of bankrupt divers from the pearling industry in the 1930s, eventually causing the pearling industry to disappear. During the war, the country served as a strategic airbase between Britain and India as well as hosting and a in. Bahrain was by the in 1940. In 1947, following the end of the war and subsequent Indian independence, the British residency of the Persian Gulf moved to Manama from. In 1965 Following the rise of across the Middle East and sparked by the in 1956, anti-British unrest broke out in Manama, organised by the. Though the NUC advocated peaceful demonstrations, buildings and enterprises belonging to Europeans (the British in particular) as well as the main church in the city and petrol stations, were targeted and set ablaze.

Demonstrations held in front of the British political residency called for the dismissal of Charles Belgrave, who was later dismissed by direct intervention of the the following year. A subsequent crackdown on the NUC led to the dissolution of the body. Another erupted in March 1965, though predominately led by students aspiring for independence rather than by Arab nationalists. In 1968, the British announced their withdrawal from Bahrain by 1971. The newly independent designated Manama as the capital city. Post-independence Manama was characterised by the rapid urbanisation of the city and the swallowing-up of neighboring villages and hamlets into a single urbanised area, incorporating new neighbourhoods such as and.

The construction boom attracted large numbers of foreigners from the and by 1981, foreigners outnumbered Bahrainis two-to-one. The construction of the district in the city's northeast helped facilitate diversification of the country's economy from oil by exploiting the lucrative financial industry. Financial institutions in the district numbered 187 by 1986. Scarcity of land suitable for construction led to. Religious activism migrated from Manama to the suburban districts of, and, hotspots of unrest in the that called for the reinstatement of an elected parliament.

In 2001, the, presented by King was approved by Bahrainis. The charter led to the first and municipal elections in decades. Further elections in 2006 and 2010 led to the election of Islamist parties,,, and, as well as independent candidates.

In 2011, a led to the intervention of and the proclamation of a three-month. The published a 500-page report on the events of 2011. Government [ ]. Central Manama Manama is the focal point of the economy. While petroleum has decreased in importance in recent years due to depleting reserves and growth in other industries, it is still the mainstay of the economy. (e.g., ship repair),, and are among the industries which have experienced recent growth.

Several multinationals have facilities and offices in and around Manama. The primary industry in Manama itself is financial services, with over two hundred financial institutions and banks based in the and the. Manama is a financial hub for the Persian Gulf region and a center of. There is also a large retail sector in the shopping malls around, while the center of Manama is dominated by small workshops and traders. Manama's economy in the early 20th century relied heavily on; in 1907, the pearling industry was estimated to include 917 boats providing employment for up to 18,000 people. Also employed several hundreds in both Manama and. The estimated income earned from pearling in 1926 and subsequent years prior to the was £1.5 million annually.

And served as the prime source of revenue for the government. With the onset of the Great Depression, the collapse of the pearling industry and the in 1932, the country's economy began to shift towards oil. Historically, the ports at Manama were of poor reputation. The British described the ports importing systems as being 'very bad - goods were exposed to the weather and there were long delays in delivery', in 1911. Indians began maintaining the ports and new resources were built on site, improving the situation.

As of 1920, Manama was one of the main exporters of, attracting from India. During this time, they also imported goods from India and from other regional countries. They imported rice, textiles,,, dates, tea, tobacco, fuel, and livestock. They exported less of a variety, with focus on pearls,, and. For the year of 1911–12, Manama was visited by 52 steamships, the majority being British and the rest Turkish-Arabian.

Demographics [ ] Historical population Year Pop. ±% 1860s 8,000 — 1904 25,000 +212.5% 1941 27,835 +11.3% 1950 39,648 +42.4% 1959 61,726 +55.7% 1965 79,098 +28.1% 1971 88,785 +12.2% 1981 121,986 +37.4% 2010 329,510 +170.1% Source: The role of Manama as a regional port city in the Persian Gulf made it a hub for migrant workers in search of a better living. As a result, Manama has often been described, both in the pre-oil and post-oil era, as a city. In 1904, it was estimated that Manama's population numbered 25,000, out of which half were believed to have been foreigners from,, and, as well as from India and Europe. The two main branches of, and, coexisted in Manama for centuries and are represented by distinct ethnic groups. The Shia community is represented by the native Arab, the and of mainland Arabia and the Persian. The Sunni community is represented by Arab tribes who migrated in the eighteenth century along with the and the, Arabic-speaking Persians.

There is also a sizable native in the country, numbering more than a thousand, in addition to immigrant and a small native numbering 37. Transport [ ].

Road View The widening of roads in the old districts of Manama and the development of a national network linking the capital to other settlements commenced as early as the arrival of the first car in 1914. The continuous increase in the number of cars from 395 in 1944, to 3,379 in 1954 and to 18,372 cars in 1970 caused to primarily focus on expanding the road network, widening and the establishment of more parking spaces. Many tracks previously laid in the pre-oil era (prior to the 1930s) were resurfaced and widened, turning them into 'road arteries'. Initial widening of the roads started in the district, widening its main roads by demolishing encroaching houses.

Manama skyline from. A series of were constructed (Isa al Kabeer avenue in the 1930s, Exhibition avenue in the 1960s and Al Fateh highway in the 1980s ), to push back the and extend the city area in belt-like forms. To the north, the foreshore used to be around Government Avenue in the 1920s but it shifted to a new road, King Faisal Road, in the early 1930s which became the coastal road. To the east, a bridge connected Manama to Muharraq since 1929, a new causeway was built in 1941 which replaced the old wooden bridge. Transits between the two islands peaked after the construction of the in 1932.

To the south of Manama, roads connected groves, lagoons and marshes of,, and. Villages such as,, served as the end of these roads. To the west, a major was built that linked Manama to the isolated village port of, this highway crossed through the ' villages of, and. To the south, a road was built that connected Manama to. The discovery of oil accelerated the growth of the city's road network. The four main islands and all the towns and villages are linked by well-constructed roads.

There were 3,164 km (1,966 mi) of roadways in 2002, of which 2,433 km (1,512 mi) were paved. A stretching over 2.8 km (2 mi), connect Manama with, and another bridge joins to the main island. A four-lane highway atop a 24 km (15 mi), linking with the mainland via the island of was completed in December, 1986, and financed. In 2000, there were 172,684 passenger vehicles and 41,820 commercial vehicles.

Bahrain's port of can accommodate 16 oceangoing vessels drawing up to 11 m (36 ft). In 2001, Bahrain had a merchant fleet of eight ships of 1,000 or over, totaling 270,784. Private vehicles and taxis are the primary means of transportation in the city.

Buses [ ] Manama has a recently reformed comprehensive service that launched on 1 April 2015, with a fleet of 141. Regulated by the, bus routes extend across Bahrain and around Manama with fares of a minimum 200 (BD0.200) (around $0.50(USD); £0.30). Air transport [ ] is located on the nearby, approximately 7 km (4 mi) from the. It is a premier hub airport in the Middle East. Strategically located in the Northern between the major markets of and, the airport has one of the widest range and highest frequency of regional services with connections to major international destinations in Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America.

Education [ ]. See also: were the only source of education in Bahrain prior to the 20th century; such schools were primarily dedicated to the study of the. The first modern school to open in the country was a setup in 1892 (according to one account) in Manama by the, with the school's syllabus comprising English, Mathematics and the study of. Leading merchants in the country sent their children to the school until it was closed down in 1933 due to financial difficulties.

The school reopened some years later under the name of where it operates till the present day. In addition to the American Mission School, another foreign private school was opened in 1910; Al-Ittihad school, funded by the. The Jafaria school in Manama, 1931. Following the end of the, became more widespread in the country, culminating in the opening of the first of Bahrain, Al-Hidaya Al-Khalifia Boys school, in the island of in 1919. The school was founded by prominent citizens of Muharraq and was endorsed by the. The country's first Education Committee was established by several leading Bahraini merchants, headed by Shaikh Abdulla bin Isa Al-Khalifa, the son of the then-ruler of Bahrain, who acted as the. The Education Committee was also responsible for managing the Al-Hidaya Boys school.

The school was in fact the brainchild of Shaikh Abdulla, who suggested the idea after returning from post-World War I celebrations in. In 1926, a second public school for boys opened up in the capital city, Manama. Two years later, in 1928, the first public school for girls was established. Due to financial constraints suffered by the Education Committee, the Bahraini government took control of the schools in 1930. Presently, Manama has a wide range of private and public universities and colleges such as,,,,,.

Other notable primary and secondary schools situated in the city include the, amongst others. Geography [ ]. Main article: Manama has an. In common with the rest of, Manama experiences extreme climatic conditions, with summer temperatures up to 45 (113 ), and winter as low as 7 °C (45 °F) with even at rare occasions. Average temperatures of the summer and winter seasons are generally from 17 °C (63 °F) to about 45 °C (113 °F). The most pleasant time in Bahrain is autumn when sunshine is comparatively low, coupled with warm temperatures tempered by soft breezes. Main article: The country attracts a large number of foreigners and foreign influences, with just under one third of the population hailing from abroad.

Is legal in the country, with bars and nightclubs operating in the city. Bahrain gave women the right to vote in elections for the first time in 2002.

Is the most popular sport in Manama (and the rest of the country), with 3 teams from Manama participating in the. The of Manama are the main location for, attracting hundreds of thousands of people annually. Twin towns—sister cities [ ] •, •, •, (1999) • (1977) •, United States (2004) •, •, •, •, •, See also [ ] • • • • • Notes [ ] These student protests were led by intellectuals and poets such as. References [ ] Footnotes. • Annual Population of Urban Agglomerations with 300,000 Inhabitants or More in 2014, by Country, 1950-2030 (thousands),, Population Division of the.

Note: List based on estimates for 2015, from 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2017. • • •, p. 223.

• Al A'ali, Mohammed (24 August 2013).. Retrieved 31 August 2013.

•, p. 127-128. •, p. 185-186. Retrieved 14 September 2013. • Development Team at BNA.. Retrieved 2010-06-28.

• Prothero, G.W. Stationery Office. Israel National News. Retrieved 14 September 2013.

• ^ Elsheshtawy, Yasser (2011).. • Al Omari, Ahmed (16 February 2015). Gulf Daily News.

Retrieved 27 May 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2015.

Ministry of Education - Bahrain. Archived from on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013.

Retrieved 5 April 2016. • (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 14 October 2016. World Meteorological Organization.

Retrieved 18 September 2012. Trip Advisor.

Retrieved 2010-06-28. Bibliography Primary sources • Palgrave, W.G,, vol. II, Macmillan & Co., London, 1866. Secondary sources • Room, Adrian (1997).. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland..

• Fuccaro, Nelida (2005). Mapping the transnational community: Persians and the space of the city in Bahrain, c. • Ben Hamouche, Mustapha (2008).. • Al-Nabi, Mohammed Noor (2012). • Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E.

• Rice, Michael (2005)...B.Tauris.. • Larsen, Curtis E. University of Chicago Press.. • Fuccaro, Nelida (2009). Histories of City and State in the Persian Gulf: Manama Since 1800. Cambridge University Press..

• Shirawi, May Al-Arrayed (1987). Durham University. External links [ ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to. • travel guide from Wikivoyage •.